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Filtered by Cash in Circulation — 28 articles

Dr Tomasz Jagielinski

2 March 2026

5 min read

How Long Do Coins Last in Circulation?

The issue of estimated coin life has been a subject of speculation for a long time. There are limited data and systematic studies about the life of coins. Publicly available information from world mints suggests that coins could remain in circulation for at least 25 or 30 years. There are other sources suggesting that coins could last in circulation much longer and their lifetime could even exceed 50 years.

Cash in Circulation Studies, Reports

John Winchcombe

5 Feb. 2026

9 min read

The Starting Point of Payment Efficiency

When ensuring payment efficiency, the goal is to minimise the number of coins and notes required to make and settle a payment. There are many ways to achieve this. Perhaps the simplest methodology to achieve an optimal currency structure for coins and banknotes is the principle of least effort, ie. the settlement of cash transactions using, on average, as few coins and/or banknotes as possible.

Cash in Circulation

Alex Sadler

27 May 2025

2 min read

Coin Issuance Down, Returns Up in Estonia

The latest figures from Eesti Pank on cash issuance detailed a fall in the number of coins issued in the first quarter of 2025. Approximately 1.5 million coins with a total value of €1.6 million were issued, with the most common being the €2 coin – which comprised half of the total number of coins issued into circulation.

Cash in Circulation Circulating Coins

Astrid Mitchell

24 April 2025

2 min read

Angola Opens State of the Art Cash Centre

President João Lourenço of Angola has officially opened the National Bank of Angola’s new high-tech cash centre – Casa do Kwanza – in the capital, Luanda for the storage, processing and distribution of the country’s currency, the kwanza. The cash centre has been four years in the making, at a budgeted cost of approximately Kz 33 billion ($36 million).

Cash in Circulation Central Bank

Alex Sadler

1 April 2025

4 min read

Euro Counterfeit Coins on the Rise

Euro coin counterfeiting figures from the European Commission report a growing number removed from circulation in recent years, and a sharp rise in 2023 in particular (the latest year it has reported on). The number came to 480,317 – up 62% compared to 2022 and the highest level by far since the introduction of the euro in 2002.

Cash in Circulation

Alex Sadler

4 March 2025

2 min read

Coin Issuance Falls in Estonia

According to the latest figures published by Eesti Pank, Estonia’s central bank issued 3.2 million coins with a total value of €1.5 million in the fourth quarter of 2024. This marks a 28% decrease in the number of coins issued compared to the same quarter of the previous year.

Cash in Circulation Free Free

Francisco Mandiola

30 Jan. 2025

7 min read

Coinage in High Inflation Countries

Inflation is a much-talked about topic, particularly as currencies battle against environmental disasters, energy crises, conflicts, and the aftereffects of the COVID pandemic, to name a few culprits. Therefore, it seemed timely that the topic of high inflation and coins was covered at last year’s Coin Conference, held in Lisbon, Portugal.

Cash in Circulation Central Bank

Alex Sadler

23 Dec. 2024

4 min read

How Has Coin Circulation Changed in the US?

During the recent Coin Conference speakers presented on coin circulation in their respective countries or regions – with shifting circulation trends, efficiency issues, and collaboration as key to solving these as common themes. Here, Coin & Mint News™ focuses on the United States.

Cash in Circulation

Alex Sadler

28 Oct. 2024

4 min read

Cash Visibility: How the RCM Manages Canada’s Circulation Coins in Real-Time

Earlier this month, IACA held a webinar titled ‘Cash Visibility: How the Royal Canadian Mint Manages Canada’s Circulation Coins in Real-Time’, in which the Royal Canadian Mint detailed their strategies and systems for managing cash visibility for coin in Canada.

Cash in Circulation

Alex Sadler

30 Sept. 2024

2 min read

Belgium Latest to Experience Coin Shortage

Earlier this year, the Belgian Treasury launched a #spendyourchange campaign encouraging citizens to use their loose change, following warnings from several key trade federations in Belgium of an artificial coin shortage.

Cash in Circulation Free Free

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Alex Sadler

5 Aug. 2024

6 min read

News in Brief

Uganda has become the latest African nation to look to gold as support for its currency, as the Bank of Uganda initiates a Domestic Gold Purchase Program with the objectives of building the country’s foreign reserves and minimising risks on reserves investments.

Cash in Circulation Metals Mints

John Winchcombe

4 June 2024

4 min read

The Challenges of Circulating Coins

The Coin Workshop started this year’s Banknote Conference – which took place in Fort Worth, Texas from 13-16 May – with a mix of data, storytelling, and discussion.

Cash in Circulation Circulating Coins Events

Mühlbauer

4 June 2024

6 min read

Cash Handling – State of the Art Inspection of Used Coins

Beside cashless payments, coins are still a part of modern life. Minting, circulating and recirculating of coins remains a great responsibility for mints and central banks. Depending on the quality of the coin, the lifespan of hard cash can be 10 years or more.

Cash in Circulation Free Technology Free

Alex Sadler

4 April 2024

3 min read

Anti-Counterfeiting and Traceability Updates

The Central Bank of Kosovo has released details of its efforts to fight counterfeit currency, noting that it had successfully coordinated inter-institutional meetings to design and implement effective strategies to combat the circulation of counterfeit coins, especially €2 coins.

Authentication Cash in Circulation Technology

Alex Sadler

5 Oct. 2023

3 min read

The Other Side of the Coin: Counterfeiting in Europe

Established in 2020 to support national law enforcement authorities in their efforts to fight financial and economic crimes and aid in international cooperation and information exchange, Europol’s European Financial and Economic Crime Centre (EFECC) has just released its first threat assessment on the matter.

Cash in Circulation Studies, Reports

Alex Sadler

5 Oct. 2023

4 min read

News in Brief

The Bank of Estonia (Eesti Pank) has launched a coin collection campaign in collaboration with Estonian-based postal service and logistics company Omniva. The campaign aims to collect one million coins through a pilot programme whereby people can exchange their accumulated coins in selected post offices.

Cash in Circulation News Numismatics

John Winchcombe

5 Oct. 2023

5 min read

Creating a Level Playing Field for Cash

The International Mint Industry Association (IMIA) has issued a position paper on the European Commission’s (EC) draft regulations on the legal tender of euro banknotes and coins.

Associations Cash in Circulation Free Free

John Winchcombe

3 Sept. 2023

3 min read

Spain’s Coin Circulation and Management

At the Coin Conference in Amsterdam last October, Beatriz Guia of Banco de España provided an overview of Spain’s coin circulation and management. This article is based on that presentation, with an update following the publication of the BdE’s annual report this summer.

Cash in Circulation Central Bank Studies, Reports

Alex Sadler

4 April 2023

2 min read

Federal Reserve Continues to Report $1 Coin Surplus

Under section 104 of the US Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005 (Public Law 109-145), the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System is required to submit an annual report to Congress on the Presidential $1 Coin Program.

Cash in Circulation Studies, Reports

Alex Sadler

6 March 2023

2 min read

RBI Pilots Coin Vending Machines to Improve Distribution

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is preparing to launch a new pilot project using QR code-based Coin Vending Machines in order to improve coin distribution in the country.

Cash in Circulation Central Bank

Latest News

How Long Do Coins Last in Circulation?

The Starting Point of Payment Efficiency

Coin Issuance Down, Returns Up in Estonia

Angola Opens State of the Art Cash Centre

Euro Counterfeit Coins on the Rise

Coin Issuance Falls in Estonia

Coinage in High Inflation Countries

How Has Coin Circulation Changed in the US?

Cash Visibility: How the RCM Manages Canada’s Circulation Coins in Real-Time

Belgium Latest to Experience Coin Shortage

News in Brief

The Challenges of Circulating Coins

Cash Handling – State of the Art Inspection of Used Coins

Anti-Counterfeiting and Traceability Updates

The Other Side of the Coin: Counterfeiting in Europe

News in Brief

Creating a Level Playing Field for Cash

Spain’s Coin Circulation and Management

Federal Reserve Continues to Report $1 Coin Surplus

RBI Pilots Coin Vending Machines to Improve Distribution

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